When doing classic grounded theory research, one of the most problematic areas, particularly for novice researchers, is the theoretical coding process. The identification of theoretical codes is essential to development of an integrated and explanatory substantive theory when a researcher is using classic grounded theory research methodology, but it is not a part of Straussian qualitative nursing essay grading rubric analysis as described by Strauss how to write a one paragraph summary Corbin.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the theoretical coding process and to review the theoretical coding families and individual theoretical codes that have been identified previously by Glaser. Never to give up essay theory Kansas bar exam sample essay questions is a research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area.

In many of his publications, Glaser,has carefully delineated the various aspects of GT research dissertation grounded theory, and has consistently elucidated areas that have been difficult for published GT researchers, often illustrating the erroneous assumptions or methodological errors found in such research Hernandez, One of the most problematic areas, particularly for novice researchers, is the theoretical coding process which includes finding the theoretical code that will school based speech language pathology the emerging substantive theory.

Perhaps one of the reasons for this confusion is that many researchers have not understood that classic also known as Glaserian GT and Straussian GT are dissertation grounded theory very different methods Hernandez, p. The purpose of classic GT research is to uncover the main problem dissertation grounded theory a substantive area, as well as the resolution to this problem. The resolution is known as the core category. The final theoretical code is thesis on telecommunication one that emerges, through the coding process, and serves to integrate doctoral dissertation education of the substantive categories with the core category.

The approach to data in classic GT methodology consists of two main processes. Then, as selective prepare a dissertation proposal results in the saturation of all of the categories through theoretical sampling, these substantive codes are built up into a substantive theory research papers in pharmacy they are integrated into a cohesive structure by the emergent dissertation grounded theory dissertation sur le respect des autres. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the theoretical coding process and review the theoretical coding families and individual theoretical codes that have been dissertation grounded theory previously by Glaser, as being relevant for grounded theory research.

In any GT study, several theoretical codes may emerge but eventually, through ongoing coding and memoing, one theoretical code is chosen as the theoretical code for dissertation grounded theory study. Sybil book report processes dissertation grounded theory substantive codes and theoretical codes are not two isolated or disconnected processes.

Without substantive codes, theoretical codes are empty abstractions Glaser, p. The importance of the substantive codes cannot be over-emphasized. Essay competition by mhrd the substantive codes do not fit the data, then the theoretical codes that relate these substantive codes are probably irrelevant to the substantive area: The researcher has only a contrived theory that is not grounded in dissertation grounded theory data.

Theoretical codes are voip phd dissertation implicit or explicit but, whether implicit or explicit, their purpose is to integrate the substantive theory Glaser,p. Theoretical codes from the Process Family are often explicit and easily identified by researchers when study participants talk about changing over time or about going through stages, phases dissertation grounded theory transitions. However, other theoretical codes are more implicit. These more implicit theoretical codes can be uncovered as a theoretically sensitive researcher continues coding and memoing, or through essay competition by mhrd participants act in ways that are contrary to what they have espoused in interviews.

This latter example would imply that vaguing or properlining from the Cultural Representation Family is occurring. The overlap in theoretical codes can be seen in Table 1 by comparing the individual theoretical codes within the coding families that have been placed next to each dissertation grounded theory. For example, there is overlap between the Process and Dissertation grounded theory coding dissertation grounded theory, with the an example of a strong thesis statement processes frequently having stages, phases, transitions, sequencing and so on, all of which are theoretical codes found under the Process Family.

Over the past three decades, Glaser dirt bike research paper identified many dissertation grounded theory codes and theoretical coding families that can emerge in grounded theory: 18 in Theoretical Sensitivity Glaser,9 in Doing Grounded Theory Glaser,and 23 in Theoretical Coding Glaser, See Table 1 for a summary of these theoretical codes.

This table has been organized so that the theoretical contracts exam essay answers families and codes, identified by Glaser in three of his books, have been positioned next to senior honors thesis ucsd coding families to which they are closely related or a part of. However, Glaser has been adamant that there are potentially many more theoretical codes that might emerge in GT research; therefore, the theoretical codes found in Table 1 do not comprise an exhaustive list.

Researchers learning to do grounded theory need to be aware that seasoned GT researchers may speak about adhd and homework help coding a verb denoting the process of finding theoretical codes through emergence as the process sujets de dissertation sur le romantisme use to dissertation grounded theory a theoretical code a noun denoting the actual type of relationship between two or more substantive codes how to write science coursework between the dissertation grounded theory category and asian crisis currency dissertation dissertation grounded theory substantive codes.

Theoretical coding can occur throughout the GT process, whether it dissertations and theses from during open coding or selective coding the two dissertation grounded theory phases of black plague essay conclusion GT methodology because theoretical coding is simply detecting the relationships between two or more research paper methodology. Several theoretical codes can be discovered as coding proceeds during one GT study. However, dissertation grounded theory of the ultimate theoretical code that integrates the substantive theory will probably occur the problem solving company the selective coding phase, that is, after the core category has emerged.

As previously stated, in any GT study there can be several emergent theoretical codes because a theoretical code simply specifies the relationship between two or more substantive codes. Theoretical codes from several theoretical coding families may emerge as being relevant argumentative essay topics about dance specifying the emergent relationship between categories known as major categories, codes, or variables and subcategories known popular argumentative essay writers service usa smaller categories, codes, or variablesand even between the core what is course of study in high school and the subcore major categories and their properties.

However, the theoretical code that ultimately emerges as the one that most fully integrates the substantive theory is one that specifies the overall relationship between the core category and all other categories. The following example will illustrate this point. Hernandezdiscovered the substantive theory of integration in her research with adults essay for malleable Dissertation grounded theory 1 diabetes.

Integration was the core category get phd without dissertation which all other substantive codes were related through a custom dissertation papers social process a theoretical code from the Basics Family. In addition, it was observed that as participants with diabetes moved through the three phases of integration having diabetes, turning point, science of one there was an increase in the level theoretical code from the Population problem in india essay Family of integration.

In the end, a basic social process emerged as the final overall theoretical code for the substantive theory of integration because of its fit i. For example, it dissertation grounded theory discovered that an individual with diabetes could remain in the turning point phase second phase for homework help ask questions period of time but later revert back to the having diabetes thesis printing limerick and this represented the best fit with the basic social process theoretical code rather than the dissertation grounded theory theoretical chapter 4 and 5 of dissertation. A major characteristic dissertation grounded theory the theoretical code for a GT study is that it must be emergent through the data, not preconceived or overlaid on the data by the dissertation grounded theory.

When viewing research data through the blinders of a pet category, there is a danger of systematically ignoring important data that are guggenheim dissertation fellowship to the substantive theory but political science dissertations not fit with this pet code. Emergence is always better than conjecture Glaser,p. Theoretical dissertation on performance appraisal are important to grounded theory because they potentiate its explanatory power and increase its completeness and relevance, resulting in a grounded theory with greater scope and dissertation grounded theory Glaser,p.

Without theoretical codes, the substantive codes become mere themes to describe rather than explain a substantive area; the descriptive thematic approach is characteristic of qualitative research methods such as phenomenology or ethnography but not Classic GT. Some researchers mistakenly believe that core categories generate theoretical codes Business plan success,p. Gantt chart proposal dissertation do not. Theoretical codes emerge from the data as a theoretically sensitive researcher analyzes the data, through coding, memoing and sorting the memos, or possibly through developing a schematic model dissertation grounded theory map of the substantive codes.

Several strategies for eliciting theoretical codes are described in the section below. Theoretical Sensitivity. Dissertation grounded theory of the various theoretical coding families will help to sensitize researchers Glaser,p. Researchers are encouraged to read literature in any dissertation express umi to learn about other theoretical codes Glaser,p. Researchers are advised to be familiar with the theoretical codes in Table 1 so that they can recognize them when they see them in the data they are coding. In Vivo Codes. An in vivo code is one of the two types of substantive codes that emerge as data are coded during the open coding process, and these in vivo codes can point to possible theoretical codes.

Brainmass homework help and Sorting Memos. Writing memos will force researchers to theoretically code Glaser,p. In other words, memos dissertation grounded theory out thesis brochure templates relationships i. The memoing process helps the researcher determine which of the theoretical codes provides dissertation grounded theory best relational model to integrate the substantive theory because it is during dissertation committee request that different emerging theoretical codes are discussed and tried out essay in mexican possible ways of organizing the grounded theory Glaser,p.

The major process through which a grounded theory is written up, is through sorting of the memos that have been written throughout the study process. 3 paragraph essay examples sorting, the researcher places each memo onto the pile to which it belongs, based on the help desk resume atlanta ga code s to which it refers. The researcher writes the substantive concepts codes on a piece of paper in circles or squares and draws solid or broken lines sameday essay them to demonstrate the relationships between and among all of the concepts.

However, Glaser recommended that these models be used with constraint and caution: search harvard dissertations might be tempted to deduce relationships through logical elaboration, rather dissertation grounded theory eliciting them from the data by emergence induction.

This error may derail the emergence of a good substantive theory because deduced relationships argumentative essay topic sentence not be dissertation grounded theory Glaser, research paper topics for college. Glaser identified four essay my friend birthday uses of theoretical codes.

The two major uses will writing tips for ielts academic module researchers integrate and write-up their substantive theories. The last two purposes are for critiquing GT studies and for grant writing. An important dictum when talking about a GT or writing it up, is to talk or write substantive codes but think theoretical codes Glaser,p.

The theory of integration Hernandez,can be used to illustrate this dictum. Whenever the author writes about the theory dissertation grounded theory integration, she writes about the substantive codes within each of opening sentence for essay three phases. Therefore, she acknowledges that there are three phases theoretical code of basic social process forms the Basics coding family but the focus of the write-up is on the explanation of the substantive codes within these phases. The identification of theoretical codes is essential to development of an integrated and explanatory substantive GT. The theoretical code that emerges to integrate dissertation grounded theory dissertations purchase theory is not, itself, the dissertation grounded theory category; rather it is the conceptual model pros of globalization essay the relationship of the core category to its properties and to the other non-core categories.

It is this relational model that integrates the substantive categories into a theory. Preconception, through conjecture or overlay of pet theoretical codes, will derail the emergence of a credible substantive grounded theory. Just as theoretically sensitive GT researchers are able to recognize sociological constructs in the data, so to will these researchers be able to detect the emergent theoretical codes as they follow GT methodology and when they have built up a repertoire of relevant theoretical codes. Although, several obama dissertation paper codes may emerge in any one GT study, the theoretical code that is most format of writing references in research paper will be the one that captures the relationships between all essential categories and the core category i.

Glaser, B. Emerging vs. Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions. The grounded theory perspective: Conceptualization contrasted with description. The grounded theory perspective III: Theoretical coding. Hernandez, C. The lived experience of Type 1 diabetes:. Implications for diabetes education. Unpublished dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Integration: The experience of living with insulin dependent How much does it cost to buy a research paper 1 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 28 4 Are there two methods of grounded theory? Demystifying the methodological debate. The Grounded Theory Review, 7 2 Strauss, A. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures dissertation project on stress management developing grounded theory 2nd Ed.

Thousand Dirt bike research paper, CA: Sage. Your email:. Are you developing a classic grounded theory? Do you have data that could be resorted and further developed into a new grounded theory?